What You Dont Know About Expository Essay Introduction Samples

What You Don't Know About Expository Essay Introduction Samples Whatever you should finish your writing and receive an exceptional grade, you can purchase it right here. Nonetheless, it is advisable to have some idea of what makes a superb expository paper before you embark on the writing process. An introduction is easily the most significant part your bit of writing. Though the outline is a great portion of your work, it isn't everything. Do not enable the fancy words fool you it's very likely that you've already written one without even being aware of it! Look closely at your language as it ought to be eerror-free Imagine your essay is a precious stone and produce all its faces shine using an easily readable and unique language. In this kind of essay, you should describe something without being metaphoric. If you're going to compose an expository essay, be ready to devote much time hitting books. Whispered Expository Essay Introduction Samples Secrets It's possible to discover samples that you've got to cover in much the identical way as you would free samples. Frequently, individuals become excited over adding new info, making a messy paper free of direction, so cut down should you need to. A lot of people forget that if they buy something that's packaged or frozen, they're also purchasing the packaging which lures shoppers into purchasing the item. Most students will be searching for free samples, as they'll be either unwilling or not able to pay for any content they find. What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Expository Essay Introduction Samples Informative essay examples may be used for references. It outlines shows you that even if you are not a professional writer, you can still make a good essay. Making an essay isn't an easy job. As you're most likely already aware, it is quite rare to obtain a totally open-ended expository essay assignment. With essay outline, essays will stop writer to get off topic or jumping from 1 argument to a different argument that doesn't relate with what you're discussing. An essay must be clear and unbiased. How to compose an expository essay. The Secret to Expository Essay Introduction Samples The primary purpose is to dig deeper and get to the correct arguments in the topic for an effortless method to write. For instance, you can create a mind map by means of your thesis idea or even the entire thesis sentence in the center. For example, you can speak about the future implications of a specific event. In conclusions, to develop a superior essay they are a few important factor ought to be considered. As a college student, you probably would have been required to compose essays and they might not have become the most fun undertaking. While the specific rubric your teacher uses will change, following is a basic one that might help you see what's expected in your essay. Generally, she will ask you to write an expository essay to prove that you have done your research on a subject. In some instances, she may give you a rubric before you start your essay. More than every other sort of writing, expository writing is a daily requirement of the majority of careers. The duration of the essay however varies based on the topic and a tutor's requirements. The expository essay definition might be complemented with a few features. Take a look at our essay writing help support. If a paragraph is finished, it contains all the sentences required to adequately support the most important idea. The introductory paragraph should also have the thesis statement, a type of mini-outline for the essay. It includes a paraphrase of something said by a famous person in order to get the reader's attention. The Sonny blues story paragraph have yet to be constructed well, some paragraph contains more than 1 idea which ends in various ideas in 1 paragraph. New Step by Step Roadmap for Expository Essay Introduction Samples Expository essays describe a specific topic and supply the reader with relevant info. Being too wordy isn't good. Thus, you should comprehend each and every word in your topic. The Definitive Strategy for Expository Essay Introduction Samples A variety of expository essay examples have the very same capabilities. An expository essay about an animal sometimes takes various unique directions. Your introduction needs to be entertaining yet defined. First, the introduction in the essay isn't in a concise fashion, a great introduction prepares the individual reading the info. If you aren't sure, it is possible to always review expository essay examples for the suitable cue words. Basically, the sections of an essay proved just 3 divisions. There are lots of ways to define this essay type. A comparison essay will concentrate on similarities as a contrast paper will concentrate on the differences. What Everybody Dislikes About Expository Essay Introduction Samples and Why Brainstorm ideas and select the topic that's ready to attract your audience. Searching online isn't prohibited either. When choosing for a topic, make certain there is a terrific number of things that you could speak about with the topic. Locate the trustworthy information for the essay topic you are likely to work on.

Essay about The Vast Roman Empire - 1052 Words

The Roman Empire was the most extensive in social and political order in western civilization. It began when Augustus Caesar became the emperor of Rome. It is important to note that Rome started out very humble and archaic. Despite how primitive it was, Rome managed to become a world dominating power. Some of the advantages that Rome had were its location near the sea which facilitated and enhanced trade, and the proximity of the Greek influence which gave potential to the uprise of the Roman Empire. Along with a new empire comes new economical values, governments and class structure. And along with the undoing of an empire comes the destruction of those values, the government and the class structure. As the Roman Empire rises, so does†¦show more content†¦The availability of such top government position drew in many ambitious men. One of them was Julius Caesar who took control of all Rome and its empire. This meant that the empire had to forgo the ancient government system that was used. As a consequence, there was some anger flooding in the hearts of some denizens of the empire. Brutus was so enraged with the new ruling system that he murdered Caesar. After an exhausting war, Augustus came into play. People saw him as the best choice to end the chaos the the empire had stumbled into it. He became the next roman emperor which brought an end to the republic of Rome. The fall of the Roman Empire was the begging of the Middle Ages. The government in the Middle Ages was highly influenced by what used to be a great empire. Government in the Middle Ages was known as feudalism. In it, kings and upper nobility managed to keep dominating the serfs and the peasants. The citizens sought protection against enemies and security from barbarians from other lands. Additionally, the wealthy nobilities wanted to maintain control over the lower classes that sought securities. With the needs of each class, the development of the feudal system was inevitable. The Roman Empire had a social class in which the haves and the have nots were segregated. The social structure was based on property, wealth, citizenship and freedom. People were also classed off based on their gender. Women wereShow MoreRelatedRoman Society : The Great And Vast Republic And Empire1722 Words   |  7 PagesRoman society was one of ever changing complexity. At a size of approximately one million people Rome was the pinnacle of an age long lost. Yet the society created by these ancient people remains in the ever changing culture of today. Whether it be the creation of a republic, the political entity still used by many today, to the mannerisms of war still taught by military schools the world over, Rome gave more to the development of civilization than almost any society. Even the phrase, â€Å"When in RomeRead MoreHow did the Romans obtain and control such a vast empire?809 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿How did the Romans obtain and control such a vast empire? In its time, the Roman Empire was the largest empire the world had ever seen. The fact that the Romans were able to control and obtain an empire of this size was due to plenty of factors, but the main ones are the Roman army, the Roman roads, Pax Romana, the borders of the empire, and the benefits of the barbarians who became ruled by the empire. On their own, these factors wouldn’t do much at all, but such a combination brought great successRead MoreAncient Civilizations During The Persian Empire920 Words   |  4 PagesPowerful ancient civilizations, such as Rome and Persia, are known for their territorial conquest of vast amounts of land, and having the ability to govern and control these territories effectively. At its height, the Roman empire controlled nearly the entire Mediterranean shore, and controlled large parts of Europe. The Persian empire at its height controlled lands equaling 8,000,000 sq. km from Macedonia to the Indus Valley. The ability to govern and contro l these lands was achieved using differentRead MoreEssay on A comparison of Ancient Rome and Pre WW1 United States908 Words   |  4 PagesA comparison of Ancient Rome and Pre WW1 United States Title: The Roman Empire and the Early United States A comparison The purpose of this paper is to show the comparison between remarkable empires that were created in many years apart. I chose to compare Pre-World War I United States and the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire information is said to be recorded between 753BC – 1184 BC (ThinkQuest) and the Pre World War I information is between late 19th century and early 20th century (Encarta)Read MoreEssay about The Roman Empire979 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussing the greatest empires in the history of the world, one that will always be included in the conversation is the Roman Empire. With an empire that spread from Hadrian’s Wall to Arabia, it is considered one of the mightiest empires in history. There was no single factor or individual that can be considered to be the driving force behind the success of the Roman Empire. It is rather a success founded upon political policies, military strength and cultural prosperity. No empire in history has everRead MoreCauses of the Fall of the Roman Empire Essay1421 Words   |  6 PagesFor a long period of time, Rome seemed like an unstoppable empire. It conquered the majority of the land surrounding it, including Greece, Turkey, Iraq, and many of its other neighboring countries. It seemed as though Rome would conquer the entire world, as it was the center of it, until it began to decline in 476 C.E. The very aspects that made it so successful were the ones that caused its collapse. Various political, religious, and economic reasons caused its downfall. The fact that the entireRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire1440 Words   |  6 PagesSophie Loren Plays a Leading Role in the Fall of the Roman Empire? The reason for the fall of the Roman Empire is a controversial topic under much historical debate. How did such a great empire, known for being one of the largest that lasted over a millennium, fall? The Roman Empire transitioned from a republic to an empire in 31 BCE. Augustus Caesar was the first emperor. He created harmony in Rome, but not in calendars as he added August as the eighth month to follow July, which was named afterRead MoreThe Greek And Greek Influence Of The Roman Empire1604 Words   |  7 PagesAnother empire would soon take many influences from the Greeks. In Rome, an empire was beginning to rise. Roman civilization had its roots in Hellenistic culture because they idolized them. They borrowed and enhanced upon the Greek intellectual accomplishments. As the empire expanded this would become increasingly important. As the Romans continued to expand their empire and influence, they were also spreading the culture of those who influenced them—the Greeks. The Roman Empire at their peak hadRead MoreThe Fall Of The Western Roman Empire833 Words   |  4 PagesRome was a great nation of conquerors, vast wealth and riches which stretched most of Europe, parts of North Africa, and areas of Asia. Its army is arguably the longest surviving and most effective fighting force in military history. Every empire has to terminate and Rome disassembled rather swiftly. The fall of the empire is mentioned in virtually every type of informative media including books and television networks. The fall of the Western Roman Empire was caused by the lack of monetary fundsRead MoreThe Rise Of The Roman Empire1611 Words   |  7 PagesRome was an empire with extremely high aspirations and expectations from. Its founders chose to steal women from neighboring villages, in order to grow its population. These aggressive and expansionary ideologies remained within the personalities of every Roman, living inside the great empire 755 years later. And yet despite its vast military presence and growing cities and towns, the Roman Empire and its capital still succumbed to a barbarian takeover. This was widely regarded as one of the greatest

Acne Is More Than Just Superficial free essay sample

What a beautiful morning! The sun peaks through the curtains, and there’s a perfect chill frosting on the windows. Wait a second; what’s that sticking out on my face? Oh no, it can’t be! The red, angry zit throbs on my forehead, sitting just above the left eyebrow. Just perfect, how am I going to hide this? How am I going to be able to look people in the eye? What if they stare at the alien bump instead of focusing on what I’m trying to say? I couldn’t possibly go into public looking like this now. I’ll just stay in bed today. Hopefully, it’ll go down by tomorrow. Unless you’re born with freakishly flawless genes, we can all relate to this feeling of insecurity masked in unreasonable anger when we find any form of visible acne on our bodies. Acne. Even the mention of the word makes people cringe. Once it strikes, there is no way to evade it. Acne is a common skin disease that is a result of hormone imbalance or improper diet. In Tim Mitchell and Alison Dudley’s textbook Acne: The At Your Fingertips Guide, the authors define acne as â€Å"†¦skin [that] develops blackheads, whiteheads, or red or yellow spots and becomes greasy† (Mitchell 1). This covers the basic physical description of acne, but what this does not entail is how mood and psychology are affected by those inflicted with the disease. There is rarely ever a person who is completely emotionally stable when he or she has acne, especially if the individual is an adult. Imagine going through puberty and sprouting these marks all over the face. Embarrassment is usually the first emotion that arises from this. We try every method to rid the blemish: going to the doctor; seeking home remedies; glaring at the zit until it magically vanishes; or just the good old fashioned method of popping the stubborn pimple only to result in a burning, red spot which becomes a constant reminder of the traumatic experience. As a consequence, frustration emerges along with the mentality of poor body image. This period of time is incredibly difficult for the unstable young teenagers who are trying to form some amount of self-confidence. They walk around having other peers tease them for a situation that is completely out of their hands. If not a victim to the schoolyard bullying, then these teens imagine up a scenario where they believe they are being scrutinized for it. However, adults with acne go through more psychological stress than these pubescent, hormonal teens even though their peers are not outwardly pointing and mocking them for their skin disease. Individuals with adult acne tend to be even more socially withdrawn and unable to perform everyday tasks without feeling hindered by their affliction compared to those without. Craig Murray sets out to investigate this phenomenon in his study, Nobody Likes Damaged Goods: The Experience of Adult Visible Acne† as 11 participants with visible adult acne were chosen to take part in a survey. In the experiment multiple of themes that â€Å"†¦arose most frequently were reduced self-con?dence, self-esteem and self-worth, frustration/anger, depression and, sometimes, suicidal thoughts† (Murray NP). Ironically enough, the majority of these symptoms are similar to those of teens who are going through the same deal. When first afflicted with acne, teenagers have some hope in outgrowing it by the time they reach adulthood. However, feelings of powerlessness against this disease soon overwhelm them since they cannot stop it from spreading. This sense of helplessness soon spirals down into depression and suicidal feelings with no other alternative to avoid or cure it. Acne attacks the mind 24/7 when individuals cannot escape it. They have to carefully plan around their appearance and eschew other human interaction just to feel less self-conscious. Some even develop habits like avoiding mirrors just so they don’t crawl back into the dark cave of self-pity (Murray NP). Even mature adults can revert back to their socially awkward teenage selves when looks are involved. Whether it is physically or emotionally, acne hurts. It is a pain to be on constant watch for new pimples to rise up only to hide them behind jackets and makeup. It becomes even more difficult to avoid seeing friends and family just to escape the criticism that picks at our self-worth. We live in a society where appearance matters, more so than we would actually like. From magazines to social media outlets, there are reminders everywhere of how we should better ourselves to look like supermodels in order to feel accepted and somewhat normal. Sadly enough, there is never going to be a day where people can feel secure to walk outside without anything to mask their acne. Those who do so probably do it without any real cognizance of wanting to fit in or have just given up the fight. For those who have chosen to wallow in their anger against themselves instead of being productive, there are support groups that can help. Acne can be a hindrance to everyday life, but it does not mean we sh ould always let it win the war of our mood and psychological stability. Works Cited Mitchell, Tim, and Dudley, Alison. Acne : The At Your Fingertips Guide. London: Class Publishing, 2002. ebrary. Web. 17 November 2013. Murray, Craig C. D. Nobody Likes Damaged Goods: The Experience of Adult Visible Acne. British journal of health psychology 10.2 (2005): 183; 183,202; 202. Print.

Risk Management of Legal Issues Affecting E-Commerce free essay sample

Risk Management of Legal Issues affecting E-Commerce Introduction Risk management is the ability to identify, assess, and prioritize risks depending on the threat they poses on a business and the resources available. Most organizations are operating their business online nowadays. Many industries such as banking, insurance, selling of goods, offering of certain services are turning their operations online. E-commerce has many challenges that threaten to make any organization conducting online business to fail. The ability to identify, asses, and come up with solutions to the risks in the e-commerce industry is essential in ensuring success of the organization. One of the major challenges of e-commerce is the legal implications among others. Due to the nature of online business that it is worldwide and that many people can access it, legal matters are a crucial issue in the commerce. E-commerce business is growing rapidly leaving the legal systems in a struggle to adapt to the growing industry. We will write a custom essay sample on Risk Management of Legal Issues Affecting E-Commerce or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Likewise, e-commerce organizations need to come up with new procedures and rules for the business. The growth poses many issues on regulation and many legal questions. How do authorities regulate digital content? Can national laws of a country apply in the web business? Can there be protection of privacy and protection of data in the internet? (Shah, Nagree, 2001) For any of the organizations in the online business, managers need to be aware of the legal issues. Given that for any business, the government tries to impose regulations, managers need to be aware of these regulations to be able to succeed in the business. The e-commerce rapid growth makes the laws to change from time to time to include the changes in the business. Therefore, managers need to be familiar with the changing laws and have a deep knowledge of the law to be able to make the best decisions for the organization in terms of legal issues. Improper decisions when it comes to legal matters can lead to the failure of a business. Non-compliance with the laws may lead to many legal consequences including the government forcing the organization to close or hefty fines, which may lead to many losses leading to the failure of the business. Therefore, the management needs to be aware of the legal concerns of the business to ensure compliance of the law is a daily routine of the organization. One example of the laws on e-commerce that affect the company is copyright laws. The copyright laws pose many threats to the survival of the business. Therefore, the management need to identify these risks, asses them, and develop ways of mitigating them to avoid them affecting the organization largely (Spindler, 2007). The process of risk management involves many other processes. The first process of risk management is to identify the risks. In the case of e-commerce and the copyright issues, the management has to find the risks that copyright issues present to the business. The identification of the risks that copyright issues pose must be at all the stages of the project. When a new product is available, the organization must look at the copyright issues in the first place. When there is a small problem regarding the copyright issues of any product or the website itself, the management must identify the small problem before it becomes a major problem threatening the product. Therefore, any organization must have large personnel for risk identification including a large and informed legal counsel to provide the necessary counsel on copyright issues (Bouridis, 2010). The second step to risk management is analysis of the risk. Analysis of the risk is paramount in making sure that an organization deals with the risk to avoid complications. The analysis involves prioritization, communication with the relevant teams to reduce the threat. In the case of copyright issues, once the team responsible has identified a problem on copyright of a new product, the team must go forward to analyze the real threat that the problem pose to the business. The team must consider other risks and evaluate them thus prioritizing which risk to cover first and which risk can wait. Once the team has identified the risks that need immediate attention, then they can go forward to communicate with other teams responsible for the product. In case the problem is with the website, the team must communicate with the web developers and other parties involved seeking the way forward to address the problem (Shah, Nagree, 2001). The third step to risk management is envisaging the consequences of the actions that an organization takes for a certain risk. The responsible teams must envisage the possible outcomes of any of the actions they take to tackle any problem. A problem with the copyright issues invites for certain actions from the responsible group. The group must look at all the possibilities of the action it takes. By looking at the future possibilities of an action, the group can decide on the best course of action. For example, there might be two actions the responsible group can take to deal with a problem, the group should look at both the actions and decide on the best that will even avoid such problems in the future but not just the action that best solves the problem now (Bouridis, 2010).. The management has to plan for the risk. The steps above call for the planning of risk. Some risks are urgent, others must be immediate, and others essential. All these risks require special attention. Therefore, the management must plan on how to al with the risks depending on their categories. The risks have a varying degree of risk, some have a high risk, others a low risk and others medium risk. The management must plan on how to deal with the risks depending on their degree of risk (Spindler, 2007). The management must also track the risk. The management needs to have a program that evaluates a risk from time to time. Tracking the risk from time to time ensures that the organization has the knowledge of new developments on the risk. The knowledge of new developments on the risk ensure that the organization takes immediate action when necessary for a development that they did not expect in envisaging the consequences that the risk they took for mitigating the risk has (Nasir, 2004). The last step to risk management is control of the risk. The control of risks must go in hand with the management of a project. In case of a new product in the market, the management of this new project must go in hand with the control of the risk that the product poses. The copyright issues of a new product in e-commerce pose risks to the business; therefore, as the management manages the new product, it must endeavor to control the risk that copyright issues pose. The management can do this by planning, and taking sequential preparation to the control of the risk (Shah, Nagree, 2001). Legal Concerns in E-Commerce There are many legal concerns in e-commerce. The major legal issues in e-commerce involve; contracts, security, authentication, privacy protection, data protection, intellectual property rights, domain names, jurisdiction, liability, and taxation. Other legal issues in e-commerce are content regulation, advertisement, electronic payment issues, and foreign direct investment. All these legal factors affect the business in one way or the other. The legal concerns pose risks to the business that may threaten the profits of the company, lead to legal complications, or even lead to the closure of the business. For a business to succeed, any organization that conducts its business online must take special consideration to the legal concerns. The ability of an organization to deal with the legal concerns will be crucial in determining the success of the business. Considering the ever-growing use of the internet for commerce, the legal issues are the major challenge for the e-commerce organizations. The management has to have the knowledge on the legal issues and come up with a plan that will ensure that the organization is able to mitigate these problems (Spindler, 2007). One of the most important legal aspects that an e-commerce organization must take into consideration is the contracts. Parties in that conduct business online must come up with proper ways to reach agreements online to ensure that the contracts are solid. The identity of parties is a major concern in online contracts. The parties mostly do not have prior knowledge of each other posing uncertainties in the authority of the party, legitimacy, and the authority to enter contracts. Although digital signatures are there to help in identifying parties online, different countries have different rules on the digital signatures. Therefore, digital signatures between parties of different countries may bring problems to contracts that they make. Problems in contracts attract legal complications in the organization. The contractual complications may even lead to complications in terms of intellectual and property rights (Bouridis, 2010). Jurisdiction Laws For e-commerce, customers are throughout the world. The law states that if any organization acquires a customer from another country, then the organization must defend the litigation arising from the country. An organization must review any content that it places on the website of its operations to comply with the jurisdiction laws of the country the organization markets, sells, or promotes its goods and services. If the organization does not review the content, a person may sue the organization by the jurisdiction of that other country. Given that e-commerce involves people throughout the world, parties to a contract might come from different jurisdictions. If parties from different jurisdictions make contracts, it might lead to different interpretations of the contractual information. If the parties fail to honor the contract, there might be complications on which jurisdiction the other party should sue. A problem may arise still where the organization does not deliver goods or services as the customer would expect. The customer does not know which jurisdiction to use to sue the organization. The jurisdiction laws is a risk in e-commerce as these legal complications may threaten profits or even lead to total failure of the organization (Silver, 2002). An organization may face action because of its website in form of civil law suits, regulator’s action, or criminal prosecution. Many countries’ courts have a theory in which courts can exercise jurisdiction of the current country if the other party has minimum contacts with the country. The minimum contacts are in form of financial gain, physical presence, election of court through a contract or a stream of commerce. Even if there is no physical presence of an organization in a country, any person can sue you in that country if there are sufficient minimum contacts of the organization’s website with the people (Nasir, 2004).. Privacy and Security Issues In order to promote e-commerce, security is a crucial issue. Most online organizations keep sensitive information on the organization’s websites. The organizations must put in place adequate measures that will help safeguard the sensitive information of their customers. The organization must prevent any intruders from accessing the sensitive information they keep for the customers. The security threats to information in a company might originate both from internal and external. Hackers, Trojan horses, and viruses comprise the risk factors of information from external. Technical staff and other employees comprise the risk from internal. The laws require that all companies have adequate measures to prevent the security threats. There are privacy and security policies that the government imposes on the organization. The ability of an organization to provide high security to the information of their customers is crucial in the success of the organization. Organizations that can guarantee privacy and security of the customer’s information will have a large customer base as they have the trust of the customers. If a person discovers that there is insecurity of his or her information, or the some other person has the information from a website, the person can sue the organization (Silver, 2002). Online Terms and conditions, Policies, and Laws There are many online terms and conditions, policies, and laws by the government and other regulating authorities. Most of the terms and conditions are to shield the organization from liability from the use of the online content by the consumers. Governments are also forming legislation to strengthen the terms and conditions in the websites of organizations. The government legislation aims at protecting the consumers of online content. The legislation also aims at protecting the information of the users. Privacy policies in particular aim to push online organizations to ensure that they have strong security measures to protect the information of the consumers. Thus, the government and other regulating bodies through policies aim to avoid the disclosure of information by organizations through their websites. Policies and laws differ from one country to the other. Therefore, it is a challenge for organizations to comply with the differing policies and laws of the different countries (Sayer Deveaux, 2000). The policies, laws, terms, and conditions on online transactions ensure the following. One is ensuring that there are proper contracts through the internet. Two is ensuring the recording of retention obligations. Three is to ensure control of exchange regulations. Four is ensuring foreign protection of information. Any e-commerce organization ability to come up with proper terms and conditions and comply with policies and laws determines the success of the organization. Poor terms and conditions could lead to legal complications that the organization should not be liable for them. Non-compliance with policies and laws could lead to the authorities taking measures against the organization, which could affect the success of the organization (Sayer Deveaux, 2000). Intellectual property Rights The protection of the intellectual property is paramount in every online organization. The boundless non-regulation nature of the internet causes challenges to the protection of the intellectual property of any organization in the e-commerce business. Intellectual property rights include copyright laws, patent laws, design, trade secret, and trademark among others. Many countries have laws to protect the intellectual property rights but the efficiency of the laws in protecting the intellectual property rights is uncertain. Another challenge of the e-commerce organizations is crossing the property rights of other organizations. The organization need to put proper measures to ensure that no employee crosses the intellectual rights of another organization in conducting the business of the organization (WIPO, 2002). One of the challenges in intellectual property rights of an organization is determination of the subject matter of which to protect. E-commerce business is growing fast and there is advent of technology every day. Therefore, there is emergence of new intellectual property rights posing a challenge to an organization on how to protect its intellectual property best. For example, getting a patent for a new product might require some existing product. The organization might fail to get a way to protect its product best leading to losing information to other organizations through theft. In this case, the organization cannot even sue that other company because it does not have enough legal ground. The new product might require a product that the organization does not produce; therefore, getting patents for the new product might become complicated. The complications in acquiring intellectual property rights of new products that is common in e-commerce poses a risk of the organization losing the intellectual property (Shoniregun, 2000). Another challenge to the intellectual property rights is assertion of originality or novelty. Most of the laws on intellectual property require that the property be original or novel. Most of the web contents are almost similar in nature. An organization must prove to the authorities that the work is original which is hard because of the similarity of the web content. The use of the work in the internet would also hinder the claim of novelty or originality in applying for intellectual property rights. An e-commerce organization has to devote its attention in proving the novelty or originality to avoid infringement by other organizations with similar intellectual property rights. Enforcement of the intellectual rights is another major challenge that e-commerce organizations have. The internet eases the duplication of intellectual property even if they have intellectual property rights protection. The anonymous environment of the internet makes it very hard for an organization to get the infringer. The infringing material is also at a particular location for a very short while, making it even harder for organizations to get the infringer. The inherent territory nature of intellectual property rights makes it hard to determine whether there is infringement or not. The differences in laws of countries makes it hard it hard for organizations to enforce the rights since some action might constitute infringement in one country while the same action does not constitute infringement in another country. To restrain infringement in other countries, the organization has to file cases in these other countries. The process is time and money consuming (WIPO, 2002). Prevention of unauthorized Meta tagging and hyperlinking is another major challenge e-commerce organizations are having. Some hyperlinking constitute infringing of intellectual property rights. Meta-tags constitute infringing of trademarks. Hyperlinks that link an organization’s website to another organizations website constitute intellectual property infringement if the permissions for linking this other organization has not provide permissions for linking. If an organization uses a meta-tag similar to a meta-tag of another organization, this organization infringes on the trademark of the other organization. Recommendations to Mitigate Risks in E-Commerce Organizations After identification and analysis of risks, an organization needs to take the necessary actions to mitigate the risks. The legal issues being a major risk to e-commerce organizations, the organizations need to take the necessary action to mitigate the effects of the same. The intellectual property rights being the factor affecting e-commerce most need special consideration. An organization can take several actions to mitigate the risks. The ability of the organization to mitigate these risks determines the success of the organization (Barr, 2000. One of the ways that an organization can take as a precautionary measure is to have a strong and highly competent legal team. A highly competent legal team ensures that the organization has a strong legal base. A strong legal base is to advise the organization in major legal decisions. To avoid legal complications common in e-commerce organizations, all the decisions must have a strong legal basis evaluating all the possibilities of a particular action (Barr, 2000. The organization must train all its employees on the best practices to avoid legal complications. The organization needs to formulate rules to employees that will ensure that the employees do not perform actions that can put the organization on the wrong side of the law. The employees need to follow all the rules the organization sets in place. The only way to make the employees follow these rules is proper education on the legal issues and the benefits of compliance. To avoid the complications that jurisdiction brings, organizations need to adopt the rules and regulations that look universal. The organization can also place legal personnel in the countries it conducts major business. The personnel in these different countries will ensure that the problems in difference in laws of countries do not affect the organization (Sayer Deveaux, 2000). Organizations need to implement electronic systems like the electronic copyright management system that prevent infringement of intellectual property rights. The electronic systems will help reduce the risks in enforcement of the laws that an organization puts in place to prevent infringement of intellectual property (Barr, 2000). Conclusion Risk management of an e-commerce organization is paramount to the success of the organization. The organizations need proper risk management procedures to ensure that they reduce the risks. Legal issues of e-commerce business are many and require special attention from the management of the organization. Any e-commerce organization needs to consider all the above issues and observe the recommendations to ensure success of the organization and avoid the legal complications. References Barr D. (2000). The Need of a Broad Standard in Global E-Commerce. The Internet Law Journal. Bouridis, D. (2010). E-Commerce Operational Risk Management Plan. n. p. Nasir, A. M. (2004). Legal Issues Involved In E-Commerce. ACM Publishers Sayer, P. Deveaux, S. (2000). Jurisdiction in Cyberspace. IDG News Service Friday. Shah, A. Nagree, P. (2001). Legal Issues in E-Commerce. Nishith Desai Associates Shoniregun, C. A. , (2000). Intellectual Property Rights of Multimedia Enriched Websites. Communication of the ACM: Ubiquity Silver, J. (2002). Legal Issues for e-Commerce Business. Sitepoint. Spindler, G. (2007). Study on the Liability of Internet Intermediaries. University of Salerno. WIPO. (2002). Intellectual Property on the Internet: A Survey of Issues. World Intellectual Property Organization

Exercise in Revising Descriptive Sentences

Exercise in Revising Descriptive Sentences This revision exercise will give you practice in writing with specific descriptive details. Instructions Heres the opening sentence from a students report on what she saw one afternoon on a city street: One brisk afternoon in late September, I took a walk down Prospect Street. What follows are six sentences from the students first draft. Revise each of these sentences according to the suggestions. If you think one of your new sentences is too long, break it up into two or three shorter sentences. Of course, theres no single set of correct answers to this exercise. Rely on your imagination to create details that are precise and vivid. Prospect Street Music thudded out of the shop and mingled with some of the other noises of the city. Identify the kind of music that thudded out of the shop, name the shop, and give specific examples of the other noises of the city. Garbage danced along the sidewalk and lay crushed against the curb. For the word garbage, substitute specific examples of litter. A woman reading a book was sitting there. Briefly describe the woman, identify the book she was reading, and specify where she was sitting. Steam blew out of the air vents of a restaurant, carrying with it various smells. Name the restaurant, and identify some of the smells coming out of it. An old man was talking to Annie, even though he was walking by himself. Describe the old man in more detail. A red-faced man was pleading with a traffic cop as the cop was doing something. What was the cop doing? The answers to this exercise are limited only by your imagination. Example Rewritten Descriptive Sentences Electro-pop  thudded out of Shikis Fashions and mingled with the noise of growling engines, pneumatic drills, and people gossiping, arguing, and bargaining on the busy street.Garbage danced along the sidewalk and lay crushed against the curb: cellophane chip bags, crumpled cigarette packs, wine bottles, empty soda cans, and yellow foam boxes from a burger joint.A shrunken woman, with ragged hair bobby-pinned to her skull, was sitting on the curb, moving her lips as she read a romance novel.Steam blew out of the air vents at Dwights Diner, carrying with it smells of coffee, chili, and chicken noodle soup.An old man with a scraggly beard was arguing loudly with a woman he called Annie, even though he was walking by himself.A red-faced man was pleading with a traffic cop, who was calmly filling out a jaywalking ticket.

Profile of the Roman God Jupiter

Profile of the Roman God Jupiter Jupiter, also known as Jove, is the god of sky and thunder, as well as the king of gods in Ancient Roman Mythology. Jupiter is the top god of the Roman pantheon. Jupiter was considered the chief deity of Roman state religion during the Republican and Imperial eras until Christianity became the dominant religion. Zeus is Jupiter’s equivalent in Greek Mythology. The two share the same features and characteristics. Due to Jupiter’s popularity, the Romans named the largest planet in the solar system after him. Attributes Jupiter is depicted with a beard and long hair. His other attributes include scepter, eagle, cornucopia, aegis, ram, and lion. Jupiter, the Planet The ancient Babylonians were the first known people to record their sightings of the planet Jupiter. The Babylonians’ recordings date back to the seventh century BC. It was initially named after Jupiter, the king of the Roman gods. To the Greeks, the planet represented Zeus, their god of thunder, while the Mesopotamians saw Jupiter as their god, Marduk. Zeus Jupiter and Zeus are equivalents in ancient mythology. They  share the same traits and characteristics. The Greek god Zeus was the top Olympian god in the Greek pantheon. After he took credit for rescuing his brothers and sisters from their father Cronus, Zeus became king of heaven and gave his brothers, Poseidon and Hades, the sea and the underworld, respectively, for their domains. Zeus was the husband of Hera, but he had many affairs with other goddesses, mortal women, and female animals. Zeus mated with, among others, Aegina, Alcmena, Calliope, Cassiopeia, Demeter, Dione, Europa, Io, Leda, Leto, Mnemosyne, Niobe, and Semele. He is king on  Mount Olympus, the home of the Greek gods. He is also credited as the father of  Greek heroes  and the ancestor of many other Greeks. Zeus mated with many mortals and goddesses but is married to his sister  Hera (Juno). Zeus is the son of the  Titans Cronus and Rhea. He is the brother of his wife Hera, his other sisters Demeter and Hestia, and his brothers Hades, Poseidon. Etymology of Zeus and Jupiter The root of both Zeus and Jupiter is in a  proto-Indo-European  word for the often personified concepts of day/light/sky. Zeus Abducts Mortals There are many myths  about Zeus. Some involve demanding acceptable conduct of others, whether human or divine. Zeus was enraged with the behavior of  Prometheus. The titan had tricked Zeus into taking the non-meat portion of the original sacrifice so that mankind could enjoy the food. In response, the king of the gods deprived mankind of the use of fire so they wouldnt be able to enjoy the ​book theyd been granted, but Prometheus found a way around this, and stole some of the gods fire by hiding it in a stalk of fennel and then giving it to mankind. Zeus punished Prometheus with having his liver pecked out every day. But Zeus himself misbehaves- at least according to human standards. It is tempting to say that his primary occupation is that of a seducer. In order to seduce, he sometimes changed his shape into that of an animal or bird. When he impregnated Leda, he appeared as a swan [see Leda and the Swan]. When he abducted Ganymede, he appeared as an eagle in order to take Ganymede to the home of the gods where he would replace Hebe as cupbearer; and when Zeus carried off Europa, he appeared as a tempting white bull- although why the Mediterranean women were so enamored of bulls is beyond the imaginative capacities of this urban-dweller- setting in motion the quest of Cadmus and the settling of Thebes. The hunt for Europa provides one mythological version of the introduction of letters to Greece. The Olympic Games were initially held to honor Zeus.

Integration and Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Integration and Reflection - Essay Example At the other end of the processing in ECKART, are the thinnest pigments with an OD of 0.6 which is dark metallic in physical appearance (Dopke, 2007). These metals and chemicals are harmful to human health. Employees who work in ECKART department may be exposed to these potential harmful metals, pigment and chemicals. The main threat to employees in ECKART division of Altana Company is association with exposure to cadmium. This metal has been extensively studied, and its effects on human healthy have been reviewed for several times by international bodies such as WHO. Cadmium appears naturally in ore together with copper, zinc and lead. Cadmium compounds function as stabilizers in several alloys, PVC products, color pigment and presently commonly, in re-chargeable nickel-cadmium batteries (Dopke, 2007). Inhalations of cadmium particles are life threatening, and even though deaths and acute pulmonary effects are rare, sporadic scenarios still happen. As a result of high cadmium exposure, employees in ECKART may experience kidney damage or kidney failure. The first sign of the renal lesion is a tubular malfunction, evidenced by an up surged excretion of low enzymes or proteins. From research carried out this disorder is reversible; however, there are overwhelming confirmations that cadmium prompted tubular is indeed irreversible. In other words working in ECKART depart of Altana Company is extremely dangerous to its employees. Working under such condition can be dangerous; however the employees of Altana are adequately informed of the risks. Altana management body through environment, health and safety organizations (EHS), not only does it teach employees the role of chemicals production method, but also encourage them to attend Company-mandated education events (Dopke, 2007). These events are held every three months. In these meetings the management body addresses topics such as dangerous substances, and hazardous waste, and occupational

The Kim regime Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Kim regime - Literature review Example The Kim regime has manipulated the state’s philosophy in order to reflect the challenges and circumstances the country faced. North Korea is faced with a number of uncertainties (Carlin & Wit 2006, p. 33). One of the outstanding aspects of the country and its regime is the failure of the state to achieve Juche as it was intended by the country’s founding father. North Korea has moved from relying on the Soviet Bloc and Chinese support to seeking humanitarian aid from the international community and its southern neighbor. Joan Robinson wrote an article in which she outlined the economic achievements of the republic. This article was guided by the fact that North Korea has undergone changes over the years. Joan Robinson’s article was also guided by North Korea’s economic dynamism. The article gives a positive review of the economic policies of Kim II Sung. The author of the article compared the economic achievements of North Korea to its Southern contemporar y rival. This analysis of North Korea used the available economic data to provide insights into how the regime operated. Robinson’s focus was on defining the ideologies of the regime. She approached North Korea as an offshoot state of Soviet Marxism. Different perspectives of North Korea and the Kim regime are evident in other studies. In Scalapino and Lee’s study titled Communism in Korea, the researchers concluded that the Red Army forced communism on North Koreas. The two authors found that North Korea became a communist state.

The Great Awakening and Age of Enlightenment Essay Example for Free

The Great Awakening and Age of Enlightenment Essay The eighteenth century was a period of change for American colonists. They encountered new ways of life with the revival of religion and the introduction to science. The yearning for knowledge encouraged the colonists to partake in religious activities and explore the scientific world around them. The Great Awakening was a movement created by the Protestants and its purpose was to reestablish religious faith. The Age of Enlightenment was a movement concerning intellectuals all around the world. It was the culmination of old traditions and the beginning of new ideas and approaches. These two major movements significantly affected the growth of colonial America because it inspired people to work as a unified group and gain independence. The Great Awakening took place during the 1700s in colonial America and soon reached to European nations such as England, Scotland and Germany. The movement expressed how being truly religious required a person to trust the heart instead of the head and to depend on biblical beliefs more than human logic. Preaching was vital and had a great impact on the people who were listening. For instance, Jonathan Edwards tried to reform the Pilgrims and turn them back to their Calvinist roots and make them fear God once again. His emotional sermons talked about how all of mankind had sinfulness and hatefulness in their souls. Those who agreed to the message Edwards was sending were called the New Lights and those who opposed it were called the Old Lights. The conflict between them later resulted in the development of future universities and represented a small step towards the unity of all the colonies. The Age of Enlightenment started in Europe around the time of the Great Awakening. The goal was to develop knowledge based on logic and free- thinking. Scientific views and natural philosophy were replacements of religion and were the resources for understanding nature and human fate. There were advancements in mathematics with Sir Isaac Newton, who created physics. In addition, technology was a major achievement with an example of Ben Franklin and his invention of the lightning rod. Due to these successes, people of colonial America grew in their mental rather than their physical state. They were more aware of things around them, which was beneficial  because it created a sense of independence that they didnt have before. In conclusion, the Great Awakening and the Age of Enlightenment were two important movements of the eighteenth century. The movements inspired the American colonists to bond and become less dependent on others who usually take charge. The revival of religions brought people practicing the same belief together, which helped them unite and the Enlightenment period marked the basis on the journey to discover individual liberty. So as it is shown, both would certainly help colonial America grow into one independent nation.

Imperfect Faith in The Merchant of Venice Essay -- Merchant of Venice

Imperfect Faith in The Merchant of Venice      Ã‚   Though William Shakespeare accurately portrays both Christianity and Judaism in his play The Merchant of Venice, the characters in the play do not represent their religions well. A reader unfamiliar with these religions could easily misinterpret flaws in a character's nature as the teachings of his religion. After a preliminary glance at the play, one would assume that Shakespeare wrote unjustly of the two religions depicted therein. However, Shakespeare had to write the play to please his audience, so he added a twist. By making characters not wholly perfect in their faith, in compliance with reality, Shakespeare was able to add the insults and bigotry and anti-Semitic feelings that would please the crowd, were true to society, and yet did not change the teachings of the religions themselves.    Shakespeare does not change the principles of the two religions in this play. Even the characters in his play who do not always follow the teachings of their religions speak of these beliefs. In the courtroom scene, the Duke says to Shylock, "We all expect a gentle answer, Jew." (IV, i, 35). He means he expects Shylock to show the mercy of a gentile, more specifically a Christian, who would show mercy to Antonio and waive the bond. In the very same scene, when the table turns and Antonio controls the fate of Shylock, Antonio releases the Jew. As for Judaism being portrayed correctly, throughout the play Shylock makes countless references to his religion. When Antonio and Shylock argue the exact teachings of the Bible concerning loans and collecting interest, Shylock refers the story of Jacob and Laban. Shylock also refers to the "holy Sabbath" in the courtroo... ...ains." (II, vi, 34).    William Shakespeare's work The Merchant of Venice shows the intellectual power behind his writings. Shakespeare interwove many plots perfectly to please the audience, offer a deeper look at the conflict concerning Shylock, and still respect the religions he used. His characters, the players of this story, contained the flaws which served as the basis for the play. It was not Christianity or Judaism which caused the conflict. In fact, if every character in The Merchant of Venice had been true to his religion, there would be no conflict to write of at all. It is because of works like these that Shakespeare is considered one of the greatest writers of all time. Work Cited    Shakespeare, William. The Merchant of Venice. 1967. Ed. W. Moelwyn Merchant. The New Penguin Shakespeare. London: Penguin Books, 1996.      

Export data into external source (m3) Essay

Explain the Impact of Organisational Policies on the Troubleshooting and Repair Process (P1) Referring to the policies related to the College’s network. Produce an audio recording for the Network manager to explain the impact of their organisational policies on the troubleshooting and repair process. Introduction In this documents, I am going to be explaining the impact of organisational policies on the troubleshooting and repair process, I am going to be talking about the organisational policies, such as considerations e.g. security, costs, systems downtime, disruption, resource allocation, prioritisation, contractual requirements, trend analysis, escalation procedures, documentation, reporting, contractual legal issues. Organisational Policies An organisational policy is expected to do many things. Primarily it should protect people and information, as well as set the rules for expected behaviour by users, system administrators, management and security personnel. It should also authorise relevant personnel to monitor, probe, investigate, define and authorise the consequences of violations, in addition to defining the company’s baseline stance on security. This can help minimise risk and help track compliance with appropriate regulations. Security This policy is mainly responsible for making sure that all the security detail such as password and user accounts are secure so you have to make sure that you are the only person that uses the account. IT systems Acceptable usage policy requires from users to log off the computer as inappropriate people could get the access to the data that they shouldn’t. The user also shouldn’t install the unauthorized software as this could lead to the issues such as making the equipment unusable by affecting it performance. The users also have to make sure that the equipment is secure during the use of it and after. The users within college are not allowed to connect they own device to the college network if they don’t get authorization from the IT Manager. Costs In term of costs the members of the staff has to make sure that they examine all the purchasing and introduce the environmental criteria to make sure that the equipment meets all the requirements and condition. They are also required to research on the equipment that they are purchasing to make sure that there is no alternatives with are better or cheaper. They also have to encourage the use of recycled paper to make sure that people don’t use it in inappropriate reasons that are not associated with the course as they are spending the college money. If the potential user with in this case is the student brake the equipment the staff have to make sure that it was reported and the person that did it will have to pay back the money for it. Systems Downtime System downtime is usually affected by many issues but they all can be prevented if the right procedures have been taken and the staffs fallow all the legislations. In this case people have to make sure that they have the right equipment for example server. They also should make regular backups so student and teachers work don’t get lost. The regular maintainer should be taken at the end of each week. System downtime could cause a lot of damage as if the system would be down user wouldn’t be able to perform they daily routine. Disruption Disruption is when something unexpected happened and person responsible for that area is not preparing for it. Organization such as College should have plan for everything so in case that something happen they have solution to repair it and prevents it from happening. For example if users lose they work organization should back them up. In order to back the files up they would have to be prepare for this to happen. Resource Allocation All the resources should be right allocated. This mean that there shouldn’t be too much of resources for one place for example you cannot add too much of the paper for the printer as the printer could damage the paper if there are too many resources than it should be the company could lose a lot of money as they might spend money on the unimportant resources. Resources should be well balanced so if the resources are not needed they shouldn’t been used. Prioritisation The company should prioritize some of the aspect when performing repair as they might be more important and they should be repaired first. For example if network is down and at the same time printer is not working. The person that perform repair should concentrate on repairing network instead of printer as without network printer would be useless. Contractual Requirements In a company, the support team staff would be required to work shifts that will provide coverage for the employees when the offices are officially opened, they will also need to provide extra time in the evening and weekends, where they will carry out the essential maintenance which may have to involve some downtime. The hours that an employee will have to work will be set out for them in what is called an employment contract. They will be limited by the EU legislation and some other regulations such as working time regulations, which will provide the basic right and protections such as: A worker can be required to work at most an average of 48 hours a week (though workers can choose to work more if they want to). For night workers there is a limit of an average of 8 hours worked in 24. Night workers are entitled to receive free health assessments. All staff are entitled to 11 hours of rest a day and to one day off each week. When the working day is longer than 6 hours, workers must have an in-work rest break. Workers are entitled to 4 weeks of paid leave per year. These protections may or may not be in place. You should check your contract to find out any special conditions of service before signing. Trend Analysis The records that are kept of incidents and how these are dealt with can provide useful data how successfully the support team are running, so an organisational policy will decide the frequency of analysis and of data and exactly what type of data has to be recorded by the IT supporting team. Trends can then be identified which will then help with the formulation of the plans to provide better and more reliable hardware and software package, it may then also be used to target a form of training for the users who will need them the most. Trend analysis can then also be used to re-allocate budgets and resources to identify the hotspots. Escalation Procedures An escalation process in different support establishments vary depending on the type of service that they have. In a technical support group, this involves setting up thresholds for certain issues to be addressed at certain levels. Typically it is a tiered setup. For example, Tier 1 can handle issues that can be easily resolved by just a phone call and when the Tier1 representative feels that the issue cannot be resolved at his level (if for example the problem cannot be resolved by their team alone and needs to be addressed by other support teams/departments with higher level of authority) it is then escalated or moved to the next higher team. This way the issues are segregated depending on their severity and type of resolution. Documentation The procedures of documentation vary from one sector, or one type, to another. In general, these may involve document drafting, formatting, submitting, reviewing, approving, distributing, reposting and tracking, etc., and are convened by associated SOPs in a regulatory industry. Since a key step in the process management journey is the documentation of current processes and any exceptions to those processes, this article explores how to create a template for your process documentation guide. A template makes the process of documenting your processes repeatable. Repeatable is the word to remember here primary aspects of a process documentation guide should be easily duplicated and reused to create additional guides after the first process has been documented. This repeatability feature makes it less painful to create your documentation as you move through all the processes in an organization. It also provides readers with a common format to follow as they research or review processes within your organization. Reporting Reporting may seem like a simple exercise in transparency but it is more than that. In fact, it gives management an additional opportunity for improvement, through readers’ reactions, criticisms and suggestions. Considering stakeholder views also helps to shape strategy, goals and objectives. All the inputs from direct stakeholders should be carefully reviewed as part of a management learning process to adapt and fine-tune the company’s sustainable development objectives. Contractual Legal Issues Regardless of whether you use an agency or not, you will require some  knowledge of contract law and the ability to negotiate a suitable agreement. IR35 should be at the forefront of your mind throughout this process if you are to keep as much as possible of your pay packet out of the clutches of the taxman. On the most basic level, any agreement reached with a client must make clear that you are a contractor and not an employee. This distinction should be clear in both the contract and your modus operandi. Primarily, your contract should define exactly what you are agreeing to do for the client. In contrast to an employee, whose work may not be defined at all in the contract, you must make sure that the document clearly lays out the service or services that you are to provide. Conclusion So in conclusion, this document has been explaining the impact of organisational policies on the troubleshooting and repair process, I am going to be talking about the organisational policies, such as considerations e.g. security, costs, systems downtime, disruption, resource allocation, prioritisation, contractual requirements, trend analysis, escalation procedures, documentation, reporting, contractual legal issues. Hopefully, this would help an organisation in the process of troubleshooting and repair.

Courseware Authoring Essay

Courseware authoring is when one develops computer-based learning materials.   In order for computer-based learning to be effective, the programs need to be designed and authored successfully. There are many courseware authoring tools available in the market today.   Depending on the industry, the tools vary from simulations to software that creates simple presentations.   The essential elements that need to be included in successful courseware authoring are all the components of different learning styles and learning strategies. According to Mr. Alfred Low, an educational technologist, there are four courseware authoring strategies that one can adopt to create superior learning environments (Low, 2002): †¢ The Socratic Approach: develops a questioning approach that engages students in a dialogue and enables students to see their own mistakes and misconceptions. †¢ Simulations/Games: uses the computer to develop simulation models of an imaginary world designed for pedagogical purposes. †¢ The Computer-As-Pupil: learners construct knowledge and develop problem-solving skills as they interact with the computer. †¢ The Intelligent Assistant: aims to provide support as the learner interacts with the program and monitors the student’s progress. There is no single courseware authoring strategy that will address every instructional problem.   Therefore a needs analysis must be performed to determine the desired final outcome of any instructional materials. Courseware authoring is simply designing computer-based learning tools.   There are many authoring tools and strategies to ensure the most complete success in the learning environment.

The Orient Express by Agatha Christie Essays

The Orient Express by Agatha Christie Essays The Orient Express by Agatha Christie Essay The Orient Express by Agatha Christie Essay The crime put in front of Holmes seems very mysterious. A womans sister has died a horrible death, from a seemingly unexplainable cause, although there are some clues. The woman herself is now experiencing the same premonitions such as the whistle very late at night and she thinks she may have an impending misfortune. This increases the urgency to solve the case and the mystery is made difficult to explain because it is a locked room mystery. It seems that there is no way for the would be assailant to kill the woman in her bedroom. This engages the readers imagination to work out a solution which the reader will usually enjoy. The case offered to Poirot is not as sinister but just as difficult to solve. A man has been murdered in his room. The murdered man was stabbed twelve times but all the blows were inflicted with different strengths of blow. Some blows were delivered left-handed others right-handed. All initial theories seem impossible. It is also a locked room mystery but there appear to be more clues such as the dented watch, the handkerchief, the match and the pipe cleaner. There appears to be too many clues. This is what makes the case hard to solve. I think that the sheer impossibility and abruptness of Holmess case gives it the edge, because it encourages the readers imagination more. I think that initially Holmess case also offers more of a challenge, as there are fewer clues. One of the things that the mysteries have in common as the stories progress is the false clues or red herrings offered, attempting to confuse the reader and lead them off on a false trail to make the solution more exciting and unexpected. The stories use the false clues in contrasting ways. In The Speckled Band, the gypsies who inhabit Dr. Roylotts land are offered as a possible solution to the case, as are the wild Indian animals that roam his gardens. There is, however, no evidence to suspect their involvement, and so Holmes discounts them as a possibility very early on when he visits the Roylott residence. Helen says that Dr. Roylott made an excuse to move me from my room which heightens Holmes suspicions. There are a lot of false clues and suspects in Murder on the Orient Express. At the start this is interesting but as the plot progresses and every clue turns out to be false the story becomes a bit uninteresting. You just cannot work out who did it because everything seems impossible. Even Poirot says every fresh piece of knowledge that came to light made the solution a whole lot more difficult. Of the two sets of red herrings, I believe that both keep the reader baffled enough to be unable to work out the solution. In The Speckled Band few alternatives are offered so the reader never formulates their own theories and in Murder on the Orient Express the reader is given lots of alternative solutions so the reader is always changing their opinion. The Murder on the Orient Express alternative solutions are better because they make the reader think.

Nissan Altima Electric Mode Hybrid Car Question

Nissan Altima Electric Mode Hybrid Car Question Hello Christine and Scott, I was very relieved to find your pages under About.com and find out I could email you. A few weeks ago we purchased a 2008 Nissan Altima Hybrid and recently we noticed something that has us worried: the gasoline engine kicks on a few seconds after starting the car and while the car is still in PARK. It stays on EV MODE for only the first few seconds. This is not what we expected! We thought (from research) that the high voltage battery would have total control at startup, low speeds, and when not moving (at a stop sign /red light). In other words, NO GASOLINE being used at these times. EV MODE the whole time! We also observed: 1. After we shift to D, DRIVE, it happens again every time the vehicle comes to a full stop while at a stop sign or red light and were not moving for more than a few seconds. 2. The engine stays on for at least a minute and then shuts off, EV MODE resumes and all is quiet until I start moving and accelerating. 3. This behavior seems to happen when the engine is cold, in other words, when it hasnt been used for hours (e.g. first drive in the morning) and keeps happening for about 1/2 hour or so during that first drive. After 1/2 hour or so, this stops happening. In other words, the EV MODE sign comes on and STAYS ON the whole time the car is stopped (idle) at a stop sign/red traffic light or while the car is in PARK but still on. This is what we thought would ALWAYS happen! 4. There is one exception to what I just said in item 3 above. Today for the first time, while at a red light, and after the car went into EV MODE, the engine kicked on even though I had just driven the car for at least one hour at high speeds on highway. Is something wrong with my car? I noticed on your website that you own your own 2008 Nissan Hybrid. Please tell me whats happening with yours. At first my husband thought that this was due to the cold weather (under 40 degrees). But today, the temperature was at 48 degrees and it still didnt stay in EV MODE at startup. Please help. I am afraid this might be a defective car. Dora PS. Yesterday I drove the car to the dealer and the salesperson that sold us the car told us that he has seen it happen before and that it is normal. He even had me drive another hybrid (2007) that had not been sold yet and sure enough, seconds after the car started, the EV MODE signal disappeared and the engine started EVEN THOUGH I was still in park mode. I dont know whether to believe him or not. I also dont find any info on manual to either identify this behavior as normal or not normal. Hey Dora, Thanks for writing - good questions. We understand your concerns. No worries – it sounds as if your 2008 Altima Hybrid is working perfectly normally. Your husband is right - it does have a lot to do with the cold temperatures, and there actually are several conditions that will make the engine on your car run, regardless of your input. They are: State of battery charge Temperature of the engine and hybrid components Ambient air temperature When you start the car, it will usually start the engine after just a few seconds, even if its been only a few hours since youve last driven it. The computer does this automatically to warm the engine, hybrid battery and associated hybrid components. Under mild weather conditions, the engine should shut off after just a few minutes, but when it’s colder out, it could take substantially longer- it also depends upon the amount of charge left in the hybrid battery. If it’s on the low side, the engine may continue running to charge the battery up to full capacity. Also, and this is especially true in the winter (and if you are using the heater and/or the defroster a lot), the engine will run longer. The engine has to run to warm the cabin- and the higher you have the heat set (and the longer it’s on), the more the engine will run. If you have electrically heated seats, using those can help minimize the need to heat the cabin air as much, thus minimizing the engine ru nning time also. Even if you are stopped for a minute or more at a traffic light and the car is in EV mode, if any of these conditions come up (low battery, car needing heat), the engine will start. Again, all of this is normal. You’ll notice as we get into spring and early summer (and you won’t be needing the heat/defroster as much), everything will come up to operating temperature quicker and the Altima Hybrid will stay in EV mode much longer. In the summertime when it gets really hot and you’re using the AC a lot, you could notice that it runs the engine more. The AC compressor runs off electricity, so you may find the engine kicks on more often to keep the battery charged. Just bear in mind that this is a hybrid electric car and is reliant upon the gasoline engine to keep the entire system up and running. Even though you can drive in electric mode, it’s still more of an assistant than a main power source. Your Altima uses Toyota’s Synergy Drive System- in our opinion, it is the best one available. As you get used to this car, we bet you’ll not only be able to maximize the EV mode driving (and fuel economy), but come to love it as well. For your reference, here’s an article we wrote about hybrids and cold temps, and some info about obtaining the best mileage from your hybrid via hypermiling. (Yep, Scott hypermiled in the Altima Hybrid- look what it can do. Thanks for visiting our site and writing- please feel free to let us know if you have any more questions. Best regards, Christine Scott

Report to the Board of Directors of ABC Limited on the proposed Essay

Report to the Board of Directors of ABC Limited on the proposed acquisition of additional shares in the company XYZ Limited - Essay Example Provided that a share premium account and a capital redemption reserve fund may, for the purposes of this regulation, only be applied in the paying up of un-issued shares to be allotted to members of the company as fully paid bonus shares. Hence declaration of dividend and issue of Bonus shares are to be treated differently. However while issuing the bonus shares in lieu of dividend the following provisions governing the declaration of dividend are to be considered. 91. At the first annual general meeting of the company all the directors shall retire from office, and at the annual general meeting in every subsequent year one-third of the directors for the time being, or, if their number is not 3 or a multiple of 3, then the number nearest one-third, shall retire from office. The directors to re... Shall not make a distribution EXCEPT out of profits AVIABLE FOR THE PURPOSE Distributable profits are Accumulated Realized Profits Less Realized Losses Accountants usually regard a profit as realized if the company concerned has obtained cash. Thus, a book profit is an unrealized profit. _______________________________________________________________________ 2. Change in the composition of the Board: The following provisions of Table A which govern the appointment and term of office of the Board of Directors are worth noting: Clause 91 of Table A 91. At the first annual general meeting of the company all the directors shall retire from office, and at the annual general meeting in every subsequent year one-third of the directors for the time being, or, if their number is not 3 or a multiple of 3, then the number nearest one-third, shall retire from office. Clause 92 of Table A The directors to retire in every year shall be those who have been longest in office since their last election, but as between persons who became directors on the same day those to retire shall (unless they otherwise agree among themselves) be determined by lot. Clause 93 of Table A A retiring director shall be eligible for re-election. Clause 109 of Table A 109. The directors may from time to time appoint one or more of their body to the office of managing director for such period and on such terms as they think fit, and, subject to the terms of any agreement entered into in any particular case, may revoke such appointment. A director so appointed shall not, whilst holding that office, be subject to retirement by rotation or be taken into account in determining the rotation of retirement of directors, but his appointment shall be

Individual Authentic Journey Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Individual Authentic Journey Report - Essay Example Authentic Leadership Report Introduction Background of the Report During the recent economic crisis, the disillusioned global audience was witness to an economic crisis of global proportions as the greed exhibited by some of the world’s economic leaders as they attempted to make more money for themselves in collusion with various private enterprises set in motion the unprecedented collapse of most of the world’s financial systems. This economic crisis could have been averted if the leaders entrusted with the momentous responsibility of managing these major corporations had conducted themselves in an honest and integral manner as opposed to the avarice and greed that they exhibited. By conducting this authentic leadership study upon myself, I will be able to improve my own transparency as well strengthen my overall accountability by following the recommendations of the findings that will be laid out in this report. This will help in causing me to develop my capabilities and evolve from being a leader whose leadership only extends to the success of the company’s bottom line to one who is able to aptly confront the various societal and organizational challenges and the various public policy issues in a manner that can be perceived to be both integral and honest. By cultivating these qualities, I hope to be able to transform myself into the image of a leader who is capable of repairing the damaged relationship that exists between the corporate world and the general public. By doing this I will be able to restore, hope, meaningfulness, confidence, optimism and resilience to both sides of the divide. Report Aims and Objectives The Sole Purpose of my undertaking this authentic leadership research was so as to enable me establish my intrinsic leadership qualities as well as formulate a plan that will enable me further develop myself into a better leader. With the recent global economic crisis and especially with the collapse of some of the worldâ⠂¬â„¢s major corporations such as Enron corporation and the Lehman brothers Holdings Inc, there has been a somewhat tremendous loss of confidence by the general public in the capabilities of the leaders in some of the world’s major corporations. Scope and of the Report The scope of the study will be mainly concentrated on relating several incidences that will serve to highlight various attributes that serve to portray me as being an authentic leader. The study will draw on my previous life experiences as well as reference several books. Limitations of the Report As a result of my being both the participant and the researcher, it might be difficult for me to assume the position of â€Å"Bird’s eye view† while conducting the research. To effectively counter this, I will endeavor to ensure that I maintain objectivity in conducting the research project (Magolda, Creamer and Meszaros, 2010). Justification of methodology undertaken The methodology of this report is ma inly derived from using autoethnography. Autoethnography is a form

Adult and Juvenile Justice System Research Paper

Adult and Juvenile Justice System - Research Paper Example The criminal justice system, in U.S, occurs as a system of activities and institutions that ensure social control. Criminal justice systems function to deter or mitigate the activities of criminals besides sanctioning law violators. These systems achieve these objectives through various strategies such as punishment, rehabilitation and criminal penalties. These criminal justice systems play essential roles in safeguarding the life and rights of the violators. These systems ensure that criminals do not face abuse from investigative and prosecuting officers. The American Judicial System has two divisions that serve criminals according to their judicial requirements. The Juvenile Justice System developed from the criminal courts systems 100 years ago (Harr, Hess & Orthmann, 2012). This separation was motivated by the goal of diverting juvenile offenders from the excessive and sometimes disparaging punishment of the adult criminal court system. The Juvenile Justice System encourages reha bilitation instead of punishment. The juvenile and adult criminal justice systems disagree in several ways. Comparison and contrast The Juvenile Justice System focuses on the juvenile in need of assistance instead of the act that brought the juvenile before the court. Juvenile criminal courts occur in an informal setting with the judge having discretion. In the juvenile system, the judge should act in the interests of the juvenile. As a result, the system does not have provisions for trial by jury, rights to know charges and right to an attorney. Additionally, the juvenile court proceedings are usually inaccessible to the public. Furthermore, the records of the proceedings are kept confident to reduce interference to the child’s rehabilitation and reintegration in the society. The language used in these courts underscore the differences between the court systems (Harr, Hess & Orthmann, 2012). It is essential to note that juveniles are not arraigned with crimes but with delinq uencies. Additionally, juveniles are adjudicated as delinquents though they are not blameworthy. The juveniles are also not sent to correctional or prison facilities, but to reformatory and training schools. The Juvenile Criminal Justice System has led to tensions between social control and welfare. This arises because of the system’s focus on the interests of the juvenile and incapacitation, punishment and the protection of society from criminal offences. There also exist court divergences connecting the two systems. For instance, criminal offenders above 18 years are tried in circuit or district courts, but juvenile offenders undergo trial in juvenile courts. During proceedings, juveniles are not criminals while offender is usually represented by an appointee of the courts to advocate for the necessary rehabilitation actions based on the interests of the child. During trials, adult criminal proceedings follow fact based trails while juvenile offenders face hearings based on the legal and psychological issues. Adult criminals have constitutional provisions for jury trials, but juvenile offenders lack these provisions. During verdict and sentencing, adult criminal offenders are either guilty or innocent, while juvenile offenders are delinquent or not delinquent (Harr, Hess & Orthmann, 2012). A criminal offender will be sentenced to jail while a juvenile will be sent to a rehabilitation facility. The sentencing of a juvenile offender depends on the offense history and severity of the offense. In case the offender exhibits a severe or extensive offense history, the juvenile offender may face detainment for their safety and social stability. However, the juvenile off

Physical And Chemical Properties Of Bamboo Environmental Sciences Essay

Physical And Chemical Properties Of Bamboo Environmental Sciences Essay Chapter 1 has been drafted in a manner that it is to draw the context of this dissertation. It defines the locality, and has an insight into the North East Indian Bamboo industry. It attempts to justify the use of bamboo as a primary construction material in the area, due to its abundant availability. It tries to highlight the faults in the current and traditional methods prevalent in the region which are a hindrance to bamboo being more often used for construction. The dissertation research looks into gathering substantial proofs to support the hypothesis which comes after understanding the problems of the area. 1.1: Bamboo Distribution 1.1.1 World Wide Distribution Bamboo is a plant belonging to the true grass family Poaceae, subfamily Bambusoideae, tribe Bambuseae. In bamboo, the internodal regions of the stem are hollow and the vascular bundles in the cross section are scattered throughout the stem instead of in a cylindrical arrangement. Bamboo is a native to five continents around the world : Asia, Africa, South America, North America and Australia. It is found at all elevations from the coast of the Philippines up to 15,000 feet above sea level in the eastern Andes. Bamboo grows in the tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of all continents except Europe, geographically divided into 3 zones: the Asia- Pacific zone(around 700 species), the America zone (around 400 species) and the African zone (around 50 species). There are totally 70 genera and 1200 species of bamboo all over the world that have been recorded, with some more in undeveloped regions to be discovered and identified. Over 2.5 billion people worldwide use or trade in bamboo worth 4.5 billion US Dollar every year (INBAR 1999). 1.1.2 South East Asia Bamboo is found in abundance in South East Asia, the tropical scenario, temperature and soil conditions in the area widely promotes the growth of bamboo in the area. China is known as the Kingdom of Bamboo, with around 500 bamboo species native here, naturally distributed in 16 provinces and 1 municipal city, among which Yunnan takes up 220 species due to its diversified climate and geographical characteristics. Due to its abundance in availability, from the starting of time bamboo as such has been a part of all South East Asian traditions. Bamboo is an inseparable part of south east Asian culture, medicine , music, construction and food. In construction, bamboo provides pillars, floors, walls, doors, window frames, rafters, room separators, ceilings and roofs. The meeting houses of some New Guinea villages are 20 m tall and more than 40 m long, with huge bamboo poles set deep into the ground and bent over in the shape of Gothic arches to carry the thickly thatched roof, creating some of the boldest structures built with minimal equipment and technology. Japanese houses are far more sophisticated, but are still typically built of wood, paper and bamboo. Bamboo is used to make guard houses in rice fields, roadside food shops, hot houses for growing mushrooms, smoke houses for drying tobacco or rubber, store houses for rice and other produce, and livestock sheds. Bamboo is also used to make pegs which replace nails. Bamboo scaffolding finds extensive use in Asian cities, even on very tall buildings. Bamboo is used throughout rural Asia to build bridges of many types and sizes; they can be as long as 25 m, often involvin g sophisticated technology as suspension bridges, but also with simple technology in the form of pontoon bridges (Kurz 1876). Many villagers use bamboo shingles, with the large stems split in half and laid with the convex and concave sides alternately facing upwards, with their edges overlapping. In coastal areas, roofs often are made of thatch woven from nipa palm around long slivrers of bamboo. Location Bamboo Area (10,000 hectare) Bamboo Species China 500.00 500 India 400.00 136 Burma 217.00 90 Thailand 81.00 60 Bangladesh 60.00 30 Cambodia 28.70 Vietnam 13.00 92 Japan 13.80 230 Indonesia 6.00 30 Malaysia 2.00 44 Philippines 2.00 55 Korea 0.80 13 Sri Lanka 0.20 14 In countries like China, Japan and Korea, bamboo also is a frequently used popular motive for poets and painters. Philosophers and literateurs took bamboo as a symbol for a good personality: making progress; modest; straight (Wang 2000)  ¿Ã‚ ½ there, bamboo is not only a useful material for their everyday life, but also has already been developed into a so called  ¿Ã‚ ½bamboo culture ¿Ã‚ ½ through the long time of cohabitation with people. 1.1.3 India Why North East India? India is home to about 45% of the world ¿Ã‚ ½s bamboo production. There are 125 species of bamboo in India spread across 18 genera. According to a survey by BMTPC (Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council) India produces about 13.5 Million Metric Tons of bamboo annually from 9.6 Million Hectares land area (used only for bamboo plantation). Sympodial bamboo consists of 67% of growing stock and monopodial bamboo comprises of 20% of growing stock. Out of this amount the North Eastern part of India alone has the gross share of 66% of the total production. So, it can be said that potentially this region has the widest range climate and topography suitable for growth of bamboo. Distribution of Bamboo in North East India (Area in sq km * ) S. No. State Area under Bamboos Area under Muli Bamboo Area under other Bamboo Spp. Area expected to flower Area accessible (Flowered) 1. Arunachal Pradesh 4590 100.00 2. Assam 8213 2950 1456 3. Manipur 3692 1592 400 4. Meghalaya 3100 400 2700 400 200 5. Mizoram 6646 5100 1500 5100 1200 6. Nagaland 0758 250 250 7. Tripura 2397 960 1437 2397 300 Bamboo is a vital element of Indias North Eastern region comprising the states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura. Bamboo has been a traditional material of construction that has been used in the north east region from quiet some time. In Borneo and the Naga Hills of India, large communal houses that may be 100 m long are built of bamboo. In Arunachal Pradesh, large suspension bridges have been made out of bamboo, In Assam houses made of bamboo are the typical house type in villages which stand the test of floods and earthquakes in the region. Bamboo is the material of choice when it comes to arts and craft in the region. A number of traditional musical instruments are also made from bamboo.  ¿Ã‚ ½The virtues of bamboo are not new, but the interest in it is, ¿Ã‚ ½ says Antonios Levissianos, UNIDO senior industrial development officer.  ¿Ã‚ ½Bamboo is no longer seen as a poor man ¿Ã‚ ½s timber, it is growing to be the most promising substitute for wood and there is great scope for further generating rural employment. India ¿Ã‚ ½s current demand for bamboo is an estimated 27 million tones. However, only 50 per cent of that demand can be met because of lack of facilities for value addition and transportation. ¿Ã‚ ½ 1.2: Why Bamboo? Bamboo is one of the foremost sustainable naturally available material that has been used in construction since ages. Bamboo is the traditional material of choice that has been in use in the North East region of India since time immemorial. Bamboo is enduring, versatile and renewable, and due to its vast production (13.5 million metric tonnes annually), it was also the material of choice in construction. Bamboo can replace a variety of woods that are being increasingly used for construction today, and thus help in saving forests which today are in a critical stage of deforestation. Also, bamboo converts more carbon-di-oxide, than most other plants, and hence a more eco-friendly material. The growth rate of bamboo is also three times to eucalyptus and it can be harvested four times in the same period, hence its production and availability is much more compared to wood. So, bamboo should be the material of choice in the field of construction and not only as a scaffolding option as it i s mostly used today, at least in the regions where it is readily available and in bounty. 1.2.1 Physical and chemical Properties of bamboo Physical Properties Physical properties of bamboo varies greatly from species to species, and to some extent within a species. Culms are generally long and straight and the hollow internodes make it comparatively light. The strength of bamboo varies within the species, age of culm, moisture content and portion of culm and generally increases until it reaches maturity. The tensile strength of a bamboo pole is high parallel to the grain. Bamboo however, fails in shear before it fails in tension and so modulus of rupture is used to calculate strength. Due to its weak transverse bonds between its fibres, it can be spilt easily along the length (radial or tangential) Chemical Properties The main constituents of the bamboo culm are: cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Other constituents consist of resins, tannins, waxes and inorganic salts. The composition varies based on years of growth, season, species and the part of the culm. Studies on moisture, ligno-cellulosic, starch and silica content are presented in this section. The main percentage composition of a bamboo pole are mainly:  ¿Ã‚ ½ Cellulose Fibers 40%  ¿Ã‚ ½ Parenchyma 50%  ¿Ã‚ ½ Vessels (voids) 10% Mechanical Properties The fibers contribute 60-70% of the weight of the total culm tissue. They are long and tapered at their ends. The ratio of length to width varies between 150:1 and 250:1. Fiber length has showed considerable variation within species. There is also variation in strength properties along the culm height as well. Compressive strength tends to increase with height [Espiloy 1987; Liese 1987; Sattar et al. 1990; Kabir et al. 1991]. The strength increases from the central to the outer part. There is more than 100 percent variation in strength from the inner to the outer layers [Narayanamurti and Bist 1947]. 1.2.2 Bamboo In comparison to other prevalent construction materials A comparative study of the energy required to produce a unit of a building material with a certain level of load-bearing capacity gives an idea of the sustainability of bamboo. Due to its hollowness and the fibres being in the longitudinal direction, bamboo is a very efficient material for structural design, as less material is needed than in case of traditional construction materials such as steel and concrete as massive sections can be avoided. In case of load bearing mass, due to its tubular structure bamboo behaves as a I-shaped cross-section, in each of the direction of its load, but it is less efficient than other cross sections in one or two directions. The mechanical properties, the high extent of flexibility, its exceptionally fast growth rate, comparatively lower weight and low cost make bamboo a preferable building material over other construction materials. Although, in its natural state bamboo is little efficient to be used as a construction material due to its proneness to decay and insect attack, so, bamboo needs to be treated before it can be used as an extensive construction material. 1.2.3 Bamboo as a sustainable construction material Bamboo is not a tree, it is a grass, so unlike trees it does not yield timber. Bamboo ¿Ã‚ ½s environmental benefits arise largely out of its ability to grow and spread quickly  ¿Ã‚ ½ in some cases three to four feet per day  ¿Ã‚ ½ without the need for fertilizers, pesticides or much water. A bamboo grove also releases some 35 percent more oxygen into the air than a similar-sized stand of trees, because of this, planting bamboo is a great way to reduce your carbon footprint and help fight global warming, a perfect selection for going green and it matures (and can be replanted) within seven years (compared to 30-50 years for a stand of trees), helping to improve soil conditions and prevent erosion along the way. Bamboo is so fast-growing that it can yield 20 times more timber than trees on the same area. As a building material, bamboo is also ideal in that it is sturdy, and can be cut and laminated into sheets and planks, just like wood. The quality of bamboo laminate varies between manufacturers and the maturity of the plant from which it was harvested; the sturdiest products fulfill their claims of being up to three times harder than oak hardwood but others may be softer than standard hardwood. Again, the many varieties of bamboo give it the advantage of versatility. For countries who are poor and struggling to move away from polluting industries, growing bamboo has the potential to become a viable economic and environmental solution. Bamboo if used as a major construction material, addresses three major areas: ECOLOGICAL SECURITY: conservation of forests through timber substitution, alternate materials to non-biodegradable high energy consuming materials like metals and plastics SUSTAINABLE FOOD SECURITY: bamboo based agro -forestry system, maintenance of soil fertility of adjoining agricultural lands, and bamboo shoots. LIVELIHOOD SECURITY: generation of employment in planting and primary processing for manufacturing mat based composites and other market driven bamboo products. Bamboo poles can be used to make papers and clothes, and the process is environment friendly as little harmful chemicals are required to make paper and clothes out of the bamboo plant. The environmental impact of bamboo is what makes it an ideal material for construction in both interior and exterior of any building. 1.3: Bamboo Usable in Construction 1.3.1 Durability of bamboo structure Bamboo is a natural composite with remarkable growth rate, and potent physical and mechanical properties which makes it one of the most suitable replacement for wood and a major and most sought after sustainable building material in the region of its growth. But bamboo in its natural state is not a very durable material and is very prone to infestation and decay. Thus, most bamboos used for structural purposes in rural and tribal housing deteriorate in a couple of years, putting heavy pressure on the resource, owing to increased demands for frequent replacements. This adversely affects the supplies of bamboo, even in bamboo rich regions. India, with an annual production of about 3.2 million tones of bamboos, ranks second only to China in bamboo production (Pathak, 1989). Over 136 species in 30 genera occur in India (Suri and Chauhan, 1984). The two most widely distributed genera in India are Bambusa and Dendrocalamus. In South and Southeast Asia, the most economically important species for structural uses from the point of view of easy availability are Bambusa balcoa, Bambusa bambos, Bambusa blumeana, Bambusa nutans, Bambusa polymorpha, Bambusa tulda, Barnbusa vulgaris, Dendrocalarmus hamiltonii, Dendrocalarnus strictus, Melocanna barnbusoides, Gigan tochloa spp., Ochlandra travanicorica and Oxytenathera nigroeiliata. Unfortunately, like most lignocellulosic materials, bamboo has very low resistance to biological degrading agents. Several techniques to enhance its durability have, therefore, been developed. Natural Durability of Bamboo Worldwide and mainly in the South East Asian mainland where bamboo grows in abundance there are a great many traditional and chemical methods for the preservation and enhanced durability of bamboo. However, here we mainly discuss briefly the traditional method of increasing the durability of bamboo which are tested and practiced in the north east Indian region which is the main producer of bamboo in the country. Variation in durability has also been observed along the length of the culm and the thickness of the wall. The lower portion of the culm is considered more durable, while the inner part of the wall deteriorates faster than the outer harder portion. This is probably related to the anatomical and chemical nature of the woody cells. Because of the lack of any toxic constituents, bamboos form a ready food source for a variety of organisms. The presence of considerable quantities of starch in green or dry bamboo makes it more attractive to such organisms, especially stain fungi and borer beetles. Some sap sucking insects have been reported to attack bamboo plantations as well (Chatterjee and Sebastian, 1964,1966; Singh, 1988). The most serious borers of felled bamboos are three species of Dinoderus (celluris, minutes, brevis) and Lyctus, which attack bamboo rich with starch (Casin and Mosteiro, 1970; Sandhu, 1975). They cause immense damage during drying, storage, and subsequent use. Carpenter bees and termites also attack bamboo (Beeson, 1938;Sensarma and Mathur, 1957). Bamboos are attacked by marine organisms as well (Anon, 1945). It is reported that bamboos harvested during summer are more rapidly destroyed than those felled in the rainy season (Liese, 1980). Culms of bamboo plants which have flowered are more resistant to beetles because of starch depletion. Hence, the first point of consideration for the durability of bamboo is harvesting. Harvesting of Bamboo In bamboos, soluble sugars are the principal nutrients for parasites. Thus, bamboos with depleted carbohydrates become reasonably resistant to the attack of borers and staining fungi. Methods adopted for lowering the sugar content at the time of harvesting of bamboos are: (i) Life Cycle: Felling of bamboo at maturity when sugar content is low:- Sugar content in bamboos varies with age. It is lowest during the first year but felling of one-year-old bamboo is not desirable because of very low strength and yield. Normally, bamboo matures at 3-4 years (ii) Annual Cycle: Felling of bamboo during low-sugar content season:-Sugar content in almost all plants varies with seasons. In India, for example, it is higher in spring than in winter (Joseph, 1958). Therefore, it is advisable to harvest bamboos between August and December, which is basically the dry season before monsoons. (iii) Daily Cycle: Felling of bamboo after sunset:- During the day time due to the availability of sunlight a lot of photosynthesis occurs in the bamboo plant and hence a lot of movement of food occurs resulting in increased starch content in most parts of the bamboo tree. But during the night mainly stored food is used and no photosynthesis happens, so it is advisable to fell the bamboo tress after sunset. Leaching of Bamboo The bamboo available after harvest is not ready yet, it still has a large amount of sap content which makes it prone to infestation and decay. Leaching is the removal of sap after harvest. The sap levels in harvested bamboo are reduced either through leaching or postharvest photosynthesis. A variety of leaching practices are used to remove the sap content, the mostly used include: 1. Cut bamboo is raised clear of the ground and leant against the rest of the clump for one to two weeks until leaves turn yellow to allow full consumption of sugars by the plant. 2. A similar method is undertaken, but with the base of the culm standing in fresh water, either in a large drum or stream to leach out sap. 3. Cut culms are immersed in a running stream and weighted down for three to four weeks. 4. Water is pumped through the freshly cut culms, forcing out the sap (this method is often used in conjunction with the injection of some form of treatment). In the process of water leaching, the bamboo is dried slowly and evenly in the shade to avoid cracking in the outer skin of the bamboo, thereby reducing opportunities for pest infestation. Storage of Bamboo The bamboo after removal of the sap content is than ready to be stored in storages but certain precautions are taken to enhance the durability of bamboo, they are: 1. Bamboo is not stored in the open to avoid exposure to climatic forces such as rain and direct sunlight. 2. Bamboo is stored in a semi closed area to allow wind movement through its stacks. 3. Bamboo is stored a bit (app. 10cm) above the ground to avoid infestation from below, also an insect repellent may be sprayed on the ground. 4. Bamboo is stacked in vertical manner, and it should be noted that a minimum of 30% of the moisture in bamboo should be retained. These measures taken ensures that the bamboo is stored properly and is well protected from reagents, and ready for selection and grading. Selection/ Grading of bamboo The bamboo culms are now ready for selection and grading into various categories, which are then accordingly put to use in the construction as per the nature of demand of the work. The main characteristics of a good, durable and structurally usable bamboo culm are based on the following key points along with a idea of advisable range of values. 1. Age and Maturity : plus 5 years 2. Dimensional Characteristics : 4 6 3. Wall Thickness : 12mm 25 mm 4. Inter Nodal Distance 5. Straightness and Uniformity 1.3.2 Treatment processes of bamboo Although a great deal of care is taken in increasing the durability of bamboo right from the beginning from the process of harvesting to the selection and grading, the natural bamboo still is not good for long standing structures due to its still proneness to infestation. Hence, the bamboo is made to go through a number of treatment and preventive processes. Natural means- 1. water seasoning 3-4 months 2. smoke seasoning 3. heat seasoning Chemical means- 1. internodal injection treatment- petro based chemical, creosote oil+diesel (1:1) 25-40ml 2. borax boric solution- 1:1 in hot 25L of water 50g of each 3. vacuum pressure treatment 4. brochh-vsie treatment gravity based 1.4: Current State of Problems 1.4.1 A Glance at the drawbacks of traditional bamboo construction in North East India Since time immemorial bamboo has been an integral part of the traditional practices of the people of north east India. The north eastern parts of India, bamboo is in abundance due to its topography and geographical conditions, and bamboo has found its use in many variations and utilities, ranging from bamboo as a construction material, a key element of interiors such as furnitures and home decor, to daily household usable commodities. Bamboo shoot is a delicacy exquisite to the North Eastern region of India. Although available in bounty in nature, the state of bamboo usable for construction purposes is in a state of bother in the region. The traditional methods of bamboo usage and construction can be said to be inadequate to meet long term goals of sustainable and long lasting and permanent structures.  ¿Ã‚ ½The virtues of bamboo are not new, but the interest in it is, ¿Ã‚ ½ says Antonios Levissianos, UNIDO senior industrial development officer.  ¿Ã‚ ½Bamboo is no longer seen as a poor man ¿Ã‚ ½s timber, it is growing to be the most promising substitute for wood and there is great scope for further generating rural employment. India ¿Ã‚ ½s current demand for bamboo is an estimated 27 million tones. However, only 50 per cent of that demand can be met because of lack of facilities for value addition and transportation. ¿Ã‚ ½ According to Antonios if proper infrastructure is provided for transportation, either by way of roads or canals, bamboo can be a material with great potent ial to be used in the construction industry in the NE region of India. If we are to highlight a few key points as to what leads to the failure of the current traditional system of bamboo usage in the construction industry we can consider the following key points: (i) Bamboo not Treated: In the current practice system of bamboo usage in the region the bamboo after the process of harvesting as discussed in section A3 : 3.1, it undergoes little treatment procedures, which makes it prone to infestation and attack from natural reagents. (ii) Lack of Proper Joinery: The current practice involves crude joinery mechanisms to join two bamboo structural members, which are derogatory and have inverse effects on the life of bamboo and also tend to cause in rupture of the bamboo members. (iii) Lack of Safety measures from Climatic Forces: This is one of the major cause of failure of current bamboo structures, as the natural climatic forces have an adverse effect on the untreated bamboo. The lack of solid and stable joinery is exploited by the wind in the region whereas, the rain and floods play an even dangerous effect to the untreated bamboo. 1.4.2 Identifying the Possible problems in constructing with bamboo The state of bamboo in the North Eastern region of India can be easily be improved if we identify and improve upon the key points or the distinct nodes of the problems, that are associated with the traditional method of construction of bamboo. After a look into our study so far, if we are to list some key issues which needs to be addressed upon as the main nodes to look at for making bamboo a suitable and efficient material of construction we can list out the following points. 1. Appropriate technology for bamboo treatment and working tools The region does not have a proper treatment facility for the treatment of harvested bamboo which will protect it from insect and reagent attacks as well as slow its decay process due to effect from natural forces. Moreover, no specialized tools are available for working with bamboo and most of the work is done with tools developed for wood/timber as such it results in rupture and wear and tear of bamboo elements which can be avoided by proper use of tools developed especially for bamboo. 2. Design of proper joinery system- conducive effective production to bamboo material The current joinery type used for bamboo based construction is either by tying by ropes or bolting with iron bolts as shown in Fig. 11, the rope tied bamboo joints tend to fail the test of time and climatic forces, whereas the bolting results in unwanted cracks and rupture of the structural bamboo elements. 3. Skilled labour- workmanship Although bamboo has been the choice of material since long in the region , a relatively low quantity of labours can come up to the level of being called a primary bamboo construction workman. This is a major setback as to when an architect or builder decides on constructing with bamboo as there is serious lack of skilled labour for bamboo construction. So, the region demands a specialized center for training persons in bamboo construction who can in turn come up to be the skilled bamboo works man for the region. This can inturn help to generate employment for the local public, who after being trained can work as bamboo craftsman in the industry. E.g. Hong Kong Bamboo Scaffolding Factory 4. Change in Social mindset A major setback related to bamboo construction in the region is the social mindset of the people who are of the idea that bamboo is a poor mans timer, and fail to understand the potential and beauty of the bamboo material. A through policy for propagate to mass with appropriate technology has to be introduced in a systematic manner which is competitive, durable, aesthetically pleasing and eco friendly. CHAPTER 2: HYPOTHESIS 2.1 STATEMENT Bamboo is a natural material, it is non-uniform, and degradable in its natural state. However it is one of the most sustainable building materials used till date. However, the key area of concern and the biggest obstacle in the bamboo being used more often in construction is, due to its dimensional constraints the joinery system for the structural elements of a bamboo construction becomes extremely difficult and non-durable. However, custom made joints, which are flexible and also adjustable can help solve the problem as it can convert a non-standardize construction material to a standardize material. Moreover, factory setups for availing the construction industry with well treated, and standardize bamboo elements as well as products can help a great deal in making bamboo the material of choice for construction in the region.  ¿Ã‚ ½Customization of the joinery system of bamboo elements along with better industrial setup for bamboo and bamboo based products will make bamboo a primary construction material. ¿Ã‚ ½ 2.2: METHODOLOGY Literature comprising books, research notes, websites, published papers, news articles and e-mail correspondence were means of research undertaken. the author also visited Assam from 13/05/2012 to 10/06/2012 for observations and discussions with professionals. There were site visits conducted during the period. The understanding developed was in the form of why the traditional method of bamboo construction is inadequate and what are the major problems which limit bamboo usage as the primary construction material. These were then explained in terms of case studies with examples from India and rest of the world. The case studies and the problems are then evaluated to reach a conclusion which hint at possible solution to make bamboo a standard and primary construction material Chapter 3: CASE STUDIES Bamboo itself has a lot of advantages using it for building houses, bridges . It is a cheap, fast growing material with excellent statistics according to the mechanical properties. However, although it is abundantly available in North East India there are some major problems related to bamboo based construction in the region which has been discussed in clause 1.4.2 of chapter 1 of this report. There may be a lot of solutions possible for the above mentioned problems, which are a hurdle to the establishment of the hypothesis statement. In order to throw some light on as to how these problems can be looked at and approached, the following case studies are picked from India and abroad. 3.1 : Case Studies Addressing to Standardization of Bamboo Material Standardization of the bamboo material is a very important aspect towards establishing bamboo as a primary construction material. Bamboo is a natural material, and is non uniform and degradable in nature. Moreover, in the current industry setup there are no specific tools to be worked on bamboo, this as a result makes bamboo a vulnerable material of construction in the region. But, if the bamboo material is somehow standardize, be it whole bamboo or split bamboo, and specific tools are applied for its processing than it is possible to use bamboo and bamboo based products in a way we now use brick and concrete. 3.1.1 : BMTPC Initiative The BMTPC (Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council) of the Ministry of Housing Urban Poverty Alleviation Government of India is looking forward to promote the increased use of Bamboo throughout the country. According to the BMTPC, the strength of bamboo culms, their straightness and lightness combined with hardeners and range and size of hollowers, with good physical and mechanical properties, low shrinkage and average density, it is well suited to replace wood in several applications. The BMTPC propagates the preservation of bamboo through the IS9096:2006, Code of Practice for preservation of bamboo for structural purpose. It covers the type of preservation, the treatment procedure for structural purposes like posts, scaffolding, walls, trusses etc. For the process of standarization the BMTPC has